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Virtual Reality

INTRODUCTION:

  What is virtual reality?

Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that a user can interact with a computer-simulated environment, whether the environment is a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world. It is an artificial environment that is created with the software and the user in a way that puts the user Believe and accept it presented as a real environment. On a computer that is the virtual reality experience primarily by two of the five senses: sight and hearing

Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or stereoscopic displays, but some additional simulations sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones.

Virtual reality can be divided into:

• The simulation of a real environment for education and training.
• The development of an imagined environment for a game or interactive story.

HISTORY:

The concept of virtual reality has been around for decades, even though the public was really only aware In the early 1990s.

Mid-year 1950: Named cinematographer Morton Heilig & Device: Sensorama

Presented himself Theatrical experience that would stimulate all five senses his audience "to put them more into the stories. He built a console in 1960 called Sensorama that a stereoscopic display, fans included, smell emitters, stereo speakers and a movable chair. He also invented a head-mounted TV screens designed for a user can watch TV in 3-D. Users were passive audience for the films, but a lot of concepts Heilig would open the way to the PR field to be found.

In the year 1961: Philco Corporation & Engineers Device: Head Sight

Development of the first HMD in 1961, called the Head Sight. The helmet included a display and tracking system that the engineers connected to a closed circuit camera system. They designed the HMD for use in dangerous situations - could A user with a real environment monitor remotely, adjusting the camera angle by the head.

Bell Labs used a similar HMD for helicopter pilots. They combined HMD, infrared cameras on the ground from helicopters, which allows pilots attached, have a clear field of view during the flight in the dark.

In 1965: A computer scientist named Ivan Sutherland

Envisioned what he called the "Ultimate Display. "With this ad, could the man would look into a virtual world that lives look as real as the physical world, the user in. This vision derive almost all developments in the field of virtual reality. Sutherland concept included:

• A virtual world that seems real every observer, as seen through an HMD.
• A computer model of the world managed in real time.
• The ability to manipulate virtual objects for users in a realistic and intuitive way.

For years, VR technology was made public. Almost all vehicle development has focused on simulations, until the 1980s.

In 1984, Michael McGreevy & Device: Human - computer interface (HCI)

Began to experiment with VR technology as a way to advance human - computer interface (HCI) designs. HCI still plays a major role in VR research, and lead it also means that the media pick up on the idea of VR a few years later.

In 1987, Jaron Lanier coined the term "Virtual Reality in 1987.

  VIRTUAL reality environment:

Other sensory output of the VE system should adapt in real time, as a user explores the environment. Sensory stimulation be consistent, if a user feel immersed within a VE. If the VE shows a very quiet scene, we would not gale force. Likewise, if the offset VE In the middle of a hurricane, you would not expect to feel a gentle breeze or detect the scent of roses.

Lag time between when a user when the Actions and the virtual environment reflects that action is as latency. Latency usually refers to the delay between the time a user turns the head or moving his eyes and the change in sight, although the term can also be used for any delay in other sensory outputs. Studies of flight simulators show that people can recognize a latency of more than 50 milliseconds. If a user detects latency, it leads him to know that self-destructs in an artificial environment and the feeling of immersion.

An intense experience of suffering, if a user is aware of the real world around him. To make Truly immersive experience, the user forget his real environment, making it the computer into a unit not. To achieve the real goal of immersion, the developers have come with input methods, the natural for users. While a user interaction device is known, it is not really immersed.

TYPES OF Virtual Reality:

• Immersive Virtual Reality
• Non-immersive Virtual Reality --
• Semi-immersive Virtual Reality --

Immersive Virtual Reality:

In a virtual reality environment, a user experience immersion, or the feeling of being in and part of the world. He is also able to interact with its environment in a meaningful way. The combination of a sense of immersion and interactivity is telepresence.

Computer scientist Jonathan control defines it as "the extent to which one gives you the feeling that in the environment, and not in the immediate physical The environment. "In other words, leads to an effective VR experience you to your physical surroundings and concentrate on your conscious existence in the virtual environment

Jonathan tax proposed two main components of immersion:

• Depth of information
• Breadth of information.

Depth of information refers to the quantity and quality of data in a user receives the signals as they interact in a virtual environment. For users, this could be the dissolution of a monitor, the complexity of the graphics environment, and the sophistication of the audio output of the system.

Breadth of information, such as the number of sensory dimensions simultaneously presented. " A virtual environment that has a broad experience Range of information when it calls all your senses. To prioritize the most virtual environment experience visual and audio components in comparison to other sensory-stimulating Factors, but a growing number of scientists and engineers are seeking ways to take over a user in the sense of touch. Systems that provide the users the force feedback and Are called haptic touch interaction systems.

NON Immersive Virtual Reality:

Non-immersive systems, As the name suggests, are the least immersive VR implementation of the techniques. With the desktop system, the virtual environment is through a doorway or a window by using a Are standard high screen viewed with a resolution. The interaction with the virtual environment can occur by conventional means, such as keyboards, mice and Be extended trackball or by interaction with 3D devices.

SEMI-immersive virtual reality:

• A big screen Monitor
• A large screen projector system
• Several television projection systems

similar to the IMAX theaters to sing a wide field of view increases, these systems the feeling of immersion or presence of the user experience semi-immersive systems therefore offer a greater Sense of presence as a non-immersive systems, and also a greater appreciation of scale. In addition, images can be provided that one much greater resolution than HMD, and this implementation provides the opportunity to experience the virtual shares. This can be a significant advantage in education have applications as they simultaneously experience of the VE, is not assembled with the head makes available immersive systems.

VIRTUAL REALITY interactivity:

Immersion within a virtual environment is one thing, but to feel for a user to a truly unique, it also has an element of interaction. Initial applications of the technology common in today's CA systems allows the user to have a relatively passive experience. Users can a pre-recorded film , watch while wearing a head-mounted display (HMD). you would in a motion chair to sit and watch the movie than the system they are subjected to different stimuli, such as simulating the injection of air on them to the wind. While users a feeling of immersion, interactivity has been shifting its view by around limited. Its path was predetermined and unchangeable.

Interactivity depends on many factors. Control suggests that these three factors, speed, range and mapping are. tax rate defines the rate that a user the actions are incorporated into the computer model and in a way the user can identify with the help of the senses. Range refers to the many possible outcomes could result from any specific user action. Mapping is the ability of the system, natural results in response to the actions of the user to produce.

To navigate within a virtual environment is a kind of interactivity. If a user's own movement within the immediate vicinity, it can be called an interactive Experience. Most virtual environments and other forms of interaction, since users are easily bored after a few minutes of exploration.

Computer Scientist Mary Whitton pointed out that poorly designed interaction can dramatically reduce the sense of immersion, and find ways to keep users well increase. When a virtual environment is interesting and engaging, users are more willing to abandon doubt and become absorbed.

True interactivity also means able to change the environment. A good virtual environment responds to the actions of the user in a way that makes sense, even if it only makes sense in the field of virtual environment. When a virtual environment and changes in unusual and unpredictable ways, risks that they interfere with the user the feeling of telepresence.

VIRTUAL REALITY INTERFACES:

Dataglove:

Data-Gloves offer a simple way of gesture commands to the computer. Rather than punching commands into a keyboard that can be difficult when you are wearing a head-mounted display or the operation of BOOM, you program the Computer mode in response to the gestures you make change with the data gloves.

After showing up, can mean, zoom, zoom down to. A shaking Faust can stop the computer signal to the program. Some people who program the computer to mimic your hand movements in the simulation, such as the hands during the implementation to see a virtual symphony.

Rods:

Rods, the simplest of the interface solutions in all shapes and sizes come. Most have on-off buttons to control the variables in a simulation or the display of the data. Others have knobs, dials, and joysticks. Their design and the nature of the reaction back on to the application is tailored.

Most staffs are working with six degrees of freedom, that is, by creating a to a Property wand, you can change the position and orientation in six directions: forward or backward, up or down, left or right.

STAIR STEPPERS:

Stair steppers are an example of the endless manifestations of interfaces. In the context of a simulated battlefield terrain, equipped engineers from a Army Research Laboratory a stepper with sensor devices to detect the speed, direction, and the intensity of the movements of a soldier in response to the projected battlefield Scenes on a head-mounted display. The stepper provided feedback to the soldiers, by climbing the stairs easier or more difficult.

Virtual Reality Systems:

Head-Mounted DISPLAY:

Looking like oversized helmets, head-mounted displays truly portable screens otherwise flat images to add depth. If you look at the helmet, you see two lenses through which one is a display device. How to start a simulation, computer projects, two slightly different images on the screen: one presents the object as it would see through your right eye, the other, through the left. These two stereo images then merged by your brain into a 3D image.

To make your movements, a device relative to the helmet signals from your head movements to a stationary tracking device. As you move your head forward, back or side, or look in another direction, a computer constantly updated to reflect the simulation of your new perspective.

Since head-mounted displays block out the surroundings, they are by VR-operators want to feel benefit of the carrier included in the virtual environment, as in flight simulators. And as you might expect, these displays are also with the entertainment industry very popular.

Data gloves and wands are the most common Interfaces with head-mounted displays used.

BOOM:

The Binocular Omni Orientation Monitor or BOOM, is comparable to a Head-mount, except that there is no fuss with a helmet. The Boom Box is currently suspended from two partially rotating arm. So give your head against the boom in two glasses and you are in the virtual world. To change the perspective of an image, you take up a the handles on the side of the display and move the image in the same way you would if it real: Bend to see it from below, walking to see him from behind. Control buttons are used on the handles BOOM generally as an interface, even if you can hook up a data glove or some other interface devices.

 

CAVE:

One of the newest, "immersive" virtual environments is the CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment).

It creates the illusion of immersion by projecting stereo images the walls and floor a room-sized cube. Several people wore light stereo glasses can enter and move freely in the CAVE.

SENSUAL TECHNOLOGIES:

A variety of input devices such as data gloves, joysticks, and hand-bars the user can navigate through a virtual environment and to interact with virtual objects. Directional sound, touch and force feedback devices, voice recognition and other technologies are used to enrich the immersive experience and to create more "concretized" interfaces.

SHARED Virtual Environments:

Three networked users at different locations (worldwide), in the same virtual world with a BOOM device, a cave system, and a head-mounted display, respectively. All users see the same virtual environment from their respective angles. Each user is presented as a virtual human (avatar) to the other participants. Users can see each other, each and communicates the interaction with the virtual world as a team.

Human factors:

As virtual environments are to simulate the real world, by building them, we must

Have knowledge, such as "fool the user's senses" This problem is not a trivial task

and which are sufficiently good solution has not yet been found: on the one hand, we must give

User a good feeling, submerged, and on the other Side of this solution must be possible.

• Sight ................. 70%

• Consultation .............. 20%

• Odor .................. 5%

• Touch .................. 4%

• Flavor ................... 1%

Human Vision provides the most information transmitted to the brain and recorded most of our attention. Therefore, the stimulation of the visual system is playing a leading role in "fool the senses" and has The focus of research.

VIRTUAL REALITY Location:

  Tracking devices are an integral part the components in a VR system. These devices communicate with the processing of the system unit, he tells the orientation of the perspective view of the users. In systems that move it to a user in physical space, identify pursuers, where the user, the direction he is moving and its speed. There are several kinds of tracking systems used in VR systems, but they all have some things in common. You can detect six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) - that is the position of the object in the x, y and z coordinates of a space and the object-orientation. Orientation includes an object yaw, pitch and roll.

From the perspective of a user, this means that if you are a HMD, the view shifts as you look like the top, bottom wear, left and right. It changes even if you tilt your head at an angle or move the head forward or backward, without the angle of your gaze. The tracker on the HMD say the CPU, where you are looking for and the CPU will send the correct images on your screen, HMD

Each tracking system is a device that is a signal, a sensor that detects the signal and a control unit, that the signal is processed and transmitted information generated to the CPU. Some systems you need to attach the sensor component for the user (or user is used). In this type of system, make the switch at certain points in the area. Some systems are reversed, with the user wearing the issuer, while of sensors connected to the surrounding environment.

The signals from the issuer may be sent with the sensors take many forms, including electromagnetic Signals, acoustic signals, optical signals and mechanical signals. Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages.

ELECTROMAGNETIC location:

Magnetic trackers are the most commonly used tracking devices in immersive applications.Measure magnetic fields by an electric current generated sequentially by three coiled wires in a direction perpendicular to one another. Each measure little coil of an electromagnet, and the system of sensors, such as the magnetic field affects the other coils. This measurement gives the system the direction and orientation of the transmitter. A good electromagnetic tracking system is very responsive, with low latency.

One disadvantage of this system is that anything that can disrupt a magnetic field can generate the signals to the sensors.

Ultrasonic Trackers:

Emit and sense ultrasonic waves to determine the position and orientation of a target. Most measure the time it takes for the ultrasound to reach a sensor. In Typically, the sensors are stationary in the environment - the user carries the ultrasonic emitters. The system calculates the position and orientation of the target for the time required for the clay to reach the sensors is based.

Disadvantages: Sound is relatively slow, so the rate is the update on the position of a target similar slow. The environment can also negatively impact the efficiency of the system, since the speed of sound through the air can, depending on temperature, humidity in the environment.

OPTICAL tracking devices:

Using light to measure a target's position and orientation. The signal in an optical device typically consists from a series of infrared LEDs. The sensors are cameras that sense the emitted infrared light. The LEDs light up in sequential pulses. The cameras send to the pulsed signals and information for processing of the system unit.

Disadvantages: Infrared radiation can also be a system less efficient.

MECHANICAL Tracking system:

You can rely on a physical connection between the target and a fixed reference point. A common example of a mechanical tracking system in the VR field is the BOOM display. A BOOM is an HMD display mounted on the end of a mechanical arm has two points of articulation. The system detects the position and orientation by the arm. The update rate is very high mechanical tracking systems, but the disadvantage that they limit a user's mobility.

  Virtual Reality:

Since the development of virtual reality technologies, the applications of VR are literally unlimited. It is like this assumed that the VR interface between humans and information technology by it will change up new avenues for communication of information visualization.

Two approaches to the current VR development:

• Modeling The Real World
• Abstract Visualization.

MODELING THE REAL WORLD:

ARCHITECTURE:

One area in which virtual reality has enormous potential in architectural Design. Is already created are architectural, that designers and customers in homes and office buildings to consider allowing the inside and outside, before they built are. With virtual reality designers to interactively test a building before construction starts.

MILITARY:

The Military long-standing supporter of the VR technology and development. Training programs can do everything from vehicle simulations for combat team. By and large, the VR systems much safer and in the long run, less expensive than alternative training methods. Soldiers who have gone through extensive VR training have proven to be as effective as those who Training under traditional conditions.

FEAR THERAPY:

For years, virtual environments were used to treat anxiety, problems with exposure therapy. Treating psychologist, phobias and post traumatic stress disorder from the patient is the thing that it causes anxiety and the concern was to dispel their own. But this proves to be difficult if your stressor is a battlefield in Iraq. Military psychologists are using simulated situations Iraq war, to treat the soldiers. Other therapeutic applications of VR include a fear of flying, fear of elevators, and even a "virtual nicotine craving" simulator looking for smoking.

VR Training Programs:

Virtual reality environments have been also used for training simulators. The earliest examples were flight simulators (Microsoft Flight Simulator "), but VR training is that further enhanced. There are many modern military Examples, including the Iraqi cultural conditions and battlefield simulators for the soldiers.

Flight simulators are a good example of a VE system that within narrow limits is effective. In a good flight simulator, the user on the same flight path may, under a variety of conditions. The user can feel what it means to fly through storms, dense fog or wind. Realistic flight simulators are effective and safe, and teaching materials, while a sophisticated simulator can be tens of thousands of dollars cost, they are (cheaper than an actual aircraft and it is difficult) into a damage accident. The limitation of flight simulators from a VR perspective is that for a particular task have been developed. One can not remain in a flight simulator and the virtual environment, yet you can do nothing other than a pilot of an aircraft while inside this book.

  Virtual Reality in EDUCATION:

Can) Virtual Reality (VR as a cutting tool describes technology that the students via the computer or TV screen in a three-step cyber-learning allows for simulated world.

Multiplayer Online Gaming:

One result of virtual reality research is the existence of completely separate virtual worlds, inhabited entirely by the avatars of real world users. These worlds are sometimes referred to as massively multiplayer online games, and the World of Warcraft is the biggest virtual game world is now in use, with 11.5 million subscribers.

The Nintendo Wii:

Probably the most successful cousin of virtual reality on the market today is the Nintento Wii. The Wii owes its motion capture and intuitive interaction concepts of the virtual reality technologies of the past. The controller is basically a simplified version of the "virtual reality glove." Both the Wiimote and the Wii Fit offers users another way to interact with the virtual environment without any to carry bulky equipment.

MEDICAL PROCEDURES:

Modern medicine has also found many uses for virtual reality. Doctors can interact with virtual machines, to do minor surgical procedures or to practice procedures on a larger scale. Surgeons have also begun using virtual "twins" of their patients for surgery practice before the actual procedure. In medicine, can Employees use virtual environments to train in everything from surgical procedures to diagnose a patient. Surgeons have virtual reality technology used not only to train and teach, but also perform a remote operation with robotic devices.

Researchers can help with a virtual reality technology to 3-D ultrasound images, the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects in children.

ABSTRACT Visualization:

  The other most common occurring approach for VR application is in these areas, where large amounts of abstract data have worked, tested or accessible. These range from visualization common data sets such as maps, the micro-and macro-structures, like molecular architecture or social networks. Through the combination of VR with geographic information systems (GIS) to the geographic information in three dimensions, or the information contained within a computer database can be explored and made visible be navigated.

Almost any situation that requires interaction with information (including mathematical algorithms can take advantage of VR visualization. Users can visualize and interact combined with information on multi-dimensional graphics (with text instructions). Such representations to increase that users of the underlying data by the Negation of the need to construct, analyze their own performance data.

VIRTUAL REALITY FORMATS:

Since the Number of applications of virtual reality has grown (VR), there were also changes in the various formats of the VR-type software. Each format has different approaches and varying degrees of, three-dimensionality, immersion and interaction.

Virtual Reality & INTERNET:

Some programmers imagine, the Internet evolved into a three-dimensional virtual space where you can navigate through virtual landscapes you access to information and entertainment services. Web sites can To take shape as three-dimensional situation shall explore with the user in a much more literal way than before. Programmers have different programming languages and Web browser to achieve in order to develop this vision. Some of them include:

• Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) - the earliest three-dimensional Modeling language for the Web.
• 3DML - a three-dimensional modeling language, in which a user and a site visit (or website), through most Internet browsers after you install a plug-in.
• X3D - the language that replaces VRML as the standard for the creation of virtual environments on the Internet.

1. X3D replaced VRML97. Since VRML97 a subset of the X3D standard, VRML files can still be through newer X3D browsers are processed.

• Collaborative Design Activity (Collada) - A format, so file sharing within three-dimensional programs.

Difficulties in the development

• Bottleneck of the transmission bandwidth
• 3-D visualization technology closely integrated with the data warehouse
• Preserve the integrity of the database in a common user environment

APPLICATION ON THE INTERNET

• Virtual Theme Park
• Virtual Shopping Mall
• Real-Time Conferencing
• Flight Simulation
• Gaming Experience

POTENTIAL VR for E-Commerce:

Three-dimensional (3-D), multi-user online environments provide a revolution in interactivity through a compelling online experience.

VE provides e-shoppers the opportunity study the product carefully.

Where the e-shoppers confidence that what they see, what they actually receive. Give a better description of the product.

Virtual Reality TELECOMMUNICATIONS for:

Tele-education, telemedicine, tele-banking, tele-work is possible. It improves the new ways for people with each other and interact with computers.

Application of VR and Telecommunications

• Telemedicine
• Tele-education
• Tele-education
• Tele-banking
• Tele-work

VR technology in the telecommunications sector:

With VR manage broadband telecommunications networks

• VR user interfaces for broadband network
• Provides network structure, information flow visualized
• Thus, immediately responded by VR, reduction of errors
• As if they were in the real world with data gloves.

VIRTUAL REALITY AND CHALLENGES TO NOTE:

Most of today's VR applications do not correspond to reality and have a poor quality, but still very useful, but must be improved, a lot, that much more comfortable and intuitive

Interaction with virtual worlds.

The large Challenges in the field of virtual reality to develop better tracking systems to find more natural ways, to enable users to interact within a virtual environment and reducing the time it takes to build virtual spaces. While there are a few companies, the tracking system were in fact since the earliest days of virtual most companies are small and not very long.

The main interest was to be paid a visual feedback and visual display technologies, resolution

Extends well below the resolving power of the eye, brightness and color does not extend to the entire eye perception range (brightness range and color space respectively), and finally in the field of

Profile is relatively narrow. All these drawbacks to virtual worlds seem "artificial" and unreal, which bears strongly to the simulator sickness.

Without well-developed hardware, a user could have problems with his sense of balance or inertia, with a decline in the sense of telepresence, or it could include cyber-sickness experience with the symptoms, disorientation and nausea. Not all users seem at risk for Cyber Disease - some people can explore a virtual environment for hours without adverse effects, while others feel uncomfortable after a few minutes

Some psychologists are concerned that the immersion in virtual environments could be a psychological impact of a user.

CONCLUSION:

Technology has revolutionized the world in which we live, change, change, how we spend our time as we see ourselves, and how we interact with others. Technological Innovation leads to social and economic change. Thus, VR will lead to the development of a virtual world. And it is the virtual world, for human life and promises to the business of restructuring.

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