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Common misconceptions know: What do we, that just is not so

by Philip Yaffe

All of us live with false ideas about the world. This is quite normal. Nobody can an expert on everything, so we simplify our learning and in easy-to-remember snippets of the often very close to the truth, but never quite there.

In general, our misconceptions are minor and do little harm. Sometimes they are very important, and not inflict much damage.

For example, many people believe that when they go home in the winter, they should not turn off the heat completely, but rather lower it a few degrees. If she is usually a temperature of 20 ° C when at home when they leave, they should turn the thermostat to about 15 ° C. Why? Because they insist that the rental of the house very cold when they're gone, and then heating it again when they return to consume significantly more energy than it holds at moderate temperatures during the day.

I have heard this for years, but never have a lot of attention to themselves, mainly because when energy prices were low, it was not really make much difference. However, we are now facing serious shortages in energy supply and its potentially devastating effects of climate change. Such a short time, when I heard someone say, I replied: "As a physicist, I can not see why this would be true. "

I did not insist that the idea was wrong. As a scientist, I know that the general principles physical ( "Laws") can not be applied willy-nilly on specific cases because of unknown local conditions, their impact could be silent or to terminate, them completely. So I've decided this issue on Internet research.

No matter how different key words or a combination of keywords I tried, I could not have a site that also with this idea. Apparently it was either so universally acknowledged that there is no need to discuss, or is so manifestly absurd, that the expert has not even been tested. After about half an hour in vain efforts, I landed on the website of the United States Department of Energy, who has it necessary to comment on the issue (www.eere.energy.gov / Erec / factsheets / thermo.html).

Based on years of research, they concluded that "the Amount of fuel that is needed to heat a building to a comfortable temperature approximately equal to the fuel saved as the building drops to the lower temperature. You save fuel between the time that the temperature stabilizes at the lower level, and the next time heat is needed. "In other words, can, the colder You get your house if you are not there to save more energy.

In addition, dealt with a related misunderstanding. That is, the higher you will tune the thermostat, the more heat the furnace. So if the house warm from 15 ° C to 20 ° C as quickly as possible, you should set the thermostat a few degrees higher. However, because the furnace to work harder, you risk damaging.

Also not true. "Furnaces put out the same amount of heat, no matter how high the thermostat is set. The variable is how long it must stay on to reach the set temperature. "

In short, by the heat it off when you leave the house to save you valuable energy without damage to the furnace. The great danger is not to completely eliminate them.

As mentioned earlier, most damaging misconceptions little. Here are some of my favorite misconceptions. It is to you to determine, how important or unimportant they are also in your own life. If you have any doubts, go do some research.

NUTRITION

Eat in the night does not cause weight gain. It is total calorie count. If your body needs 2000 calories per day for normal function, then if you are in By 2100 calories you take in weight and if you look in 1900 calories you lose weight. Many diet plans recommend eating small portions throughout the day over - to avoid eating in the evening, pretty sure that you are in more calories than the body needs lead.

Fasting does not help rid the body of toxins. Fasting may give the perception of "clearing out" impurities, but there is no scientific evidence that this actually happens. It is more a question of mind over the stomach.

"Low fat" does not mean fewer calories. Low fat foods are often the same or more calories than normal version particularly for fat-free products. In order to maintain flavor, fat-free foods often contain sugar adding. Read the label.

Olive oil has not fewer calories than other oils. Like the others, is olive oil 100 percent fat and has essentially the same energy content, about 120 calories per tablespoon. "Light" Olive oil refers to the taste, not calories.

Fresh vegetables are not necessarily more nutritious than frozen ones. Just-picked vegetables have in fact, more vitamins and minerals, but they gradually lose their nutrients the longer they are stored. Vegetables flash very soon after they are picked to lose not frozen their nutrients. So, if you prefer fresh vegetables, they eat eat immediately, or frozen.

Searing a piece of meat does not "seal in "their juices, it can actually cause the meat to dry out slightly. Searing consists of just two sides to cook the meat at a very high temperature, thus reducing the temperature close to boiling. Searing meat surface converts sugars and amino acids in a caramelized crust, which enriches its flavor. That is its purpose.

HISTORY

Viking warriors did not wear horned helmets. Horned helmets were in the Celtic religion Rituals used. Because they can be easily got caught for weapons such helmets were not unfit for combat.

Christopher Columbus was not trying to prove that the world is round. Sailors and navigators of the time already knew that the world was flat, like the ancient Greeks. Columbus goal was to find a shortcut to India what was calculated to be much farther away than he. When he landed in the North and South America, he labeled the native population "Indians" because he thought He had achieved his goal.

The 13 American colonies were not independent from Britain in 1776. That was the year the colonies declared their intention to to achieve a complete separation from the mother country. However, the War of Independence (American Revolution), which was launched in 1775, continued until the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The United States of America officially launched as a federal authority Union in 1789.

The word "separation of church and state" not appear in the American Constitution. The term was first used by Thomas Jefferson to reassure religious minorities that they are under the Bill of Rights, which Is a collective term for the first 10 amendments to the Constitution protected. The First Amendment actually says: "Congress shall make no law with regard to an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. "

Napoleon Bonaparte was not especially short. At his death was in 1821, his Amount recorded as 5 feet 2 inches. However, these were French feet and inches, which corresponds to 5 feet 6.5 inches today (1.69 meters). Napoleon was a little bigger, in fact, than the average Frenchman of his time. Most historians believe that he was nicknamed "the Little Corporal" (le petit caporal) had nothing to do with his size.

King Christian X of Denmark wore a yellow David Stern during the Second World War, despite a Nazi edict that his Jewish Subjects would have to do this. Jews in Denmark never wear the David Stern. It is true that the Danes were very active in helping Jews to flee the country to pursue and avoid deportation.

Charles Lindbergh was not the first man to fly non-stop over the Atlantic, he was the first man to do it solo. The first nonstop transatlantic flight by a team of airmen was achieved by John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in June 1919. Necessary because of the incredible feat of endurance, Lindbergh's solo flight in Reached in 1927, which lasted 33 hours and 32 minutes that made him an international hero.

ASTRONOMY

The Great Wall of China is not the only man-made object visible from the moon. After the Apollo astronauts, who then passed between 1969 and 1972, is not an artificial object visible from the moon. The false idea of a presumption of astronomers created decades earlier, that if any caused by people object could be seen from the moon, it would be for the Great Wall, but it is not true.

The "Dark Side of the Moon" is not dark. All parts of the lunar surface is illuminated by the sun around half the time. The sentence, the word "dark" in the sense of "unknown" or "dark" because of the dark side is never visible from Earth.

A meteor is not hot when he lands on Earth. It seems to burn, as it flashes across the night sky only because of friction with the atmosphere vaporizes his outer layers of ice. Since its frozen interior has no time to heat up when a meteorite hits the ground it can even be covered with frost.

Polaris, the North Star, is not the brightest star in the northern hemisphere. Sirius is. Sirius has an "apparent magnitude" of? 1.47 (the lower the number, the more the star brighter). Polaris has an apparent magnitude of only 1.97, which means that almost 50 other stars outshine. Polaris is so important because it is almost permanently directly above the north geographic pole fixed, you can always tell which way north through localization in the night sky.

PHYSIOLOGY

The human tongue is not divided into four different areas of taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter). The taste buds can all of these components Recognize all taste on the tongue. The original "tongue map" was made on the basis of a misinterpretation of a poorly conducted experiment in Germany in 1901.

People not only use 10 percent of their brain. It is true that only a small minority of neurons are active at a given Date of the inactive neurons also play a role in the control of body functions and intelligence.

Shaving does not cause hair to grow back thicker, coarser and darker. We get this impression, as uncut hair has tapered ends. Freshly cut hair, not tapered ends, so it appears thicker and coarser in the handle. It may appear darker, because uncut hair is often bleached by the sun. When cut, the lighter top layer removed and the darker layer underneath.

Hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. When a man dies, dries the skin and shrinks away from the base of the hair and fingernails, which the appearance of growth.

An extraordinarily high proportion of body heat is not lost through the head. Although a poorly conducted study military even argued that "40 to 45 percent of body heat" is destroyed in this way, recent studies have shown that the loss from the head completely proportional lost to heat elsewhere in the body.

BIOLOGY

Exposure to rain or cold temperatures do not Likely to increase, a cold. Colds are caused by a virus, experiments have no evidence that short-term exposure increases to produce the susceptibility to infections. The increase in the number of colds in winter is rather due to behavioral changes such as higher time spent in the house with people who are already cold.

People can not understand warts from toads or any other animal. The bumps on toads are not warts. Warts are caused by viruses on human skin, which are only to humans (Human papillomavirus-specific).

Lemmings (a type of small rodent) Do not include suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. Sometimes they fall off cliffs when venture into uncharted territory, but that is intentional.

Bats are not blind. Most use echolocation, a kind of sonar to expand their vision. However, all species of bats her eyes and should be seen in the situation.

Not an earthworm into two worms, when cut into two halves. When cut, only the front half, where the mouth is to survive, the other half will dehydrate or starve.

It is not true that more than half of all men who ever lived today. Or at least it is hard to this claim . underpin Other than Scripture, there is no definite starting point for the human race. Moreover, the adoption of conservative values for the beginning of mankind, the people Experts agree that far fewer than half of all people who have ever lived with living today.

OPHTHALOMOLGY

U Computers do not sing damaged eyesight. ophthalmologists say that ORKING is on a computer for long periods can cause the eye to tire and give the feeling of eyestrain. But the eye is not damaged.

Eating carrots will not improve eyesight. Carrots are rich in vitamin A, important for the look is rich, but so many other foods. A balanced diet with or without carrots, generally provides all the necessary Vitamin A - look for good.

People with weak eyes to avoid not necessarily read the fine print. The idea that the eye is like a muscle is wrong, it is more like a camera. A camera does not wear out faster because it is to photograph small objects are used.

EVOLUTION

The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life. It is only with how the species have changed over time, concerns, and therefore require that the Life already existed.

The theory of evolution is not to say that humans developed from monkeys or apes. Rather, it is stated that humans and other apes (chimpanzees, Gorillas, orangutans, baboons, etc.) all have a common ancestor that lived about 7 million years ago. In other words, monkeys are like the branches of a tree, all starting from a single trunk, but then go their separate ways.

The theory of evolution does not claim that changes in the way must necessarily be in millions of years to show its effects. Rapid evolution was observed, often in controlled laboratory experiments and in nature.

Not to proclaim the theory of evolution "that Survival of the fittest ", ie there are certain species are designated as" strong ", to other species considered to be the eradication" weak ". All types their members to reproduce before dying the situation is as "fit". In other words, the species survive, despite signs of weakness.

In Science, the word "theory" has no doubts. On the contrary, it means a clearly defined set principles, which help explain and predication about events in the physical world. A conjecture or suspicion be tested is called a "hypothesis". Thus, the theory of evolution, the theory of gravity the theory of relativity, and a variety of other theories, all have a scientific validity.

Science

Current does not flow through a wire at the speed of light, if it "electricity" you mean "electrons". Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles. If an electrical current flows in a wire, the electrons move it, but the electrical impulse (electrical signal) traveling from one end of the Wire to the other at breakneck speed. It is similar to what happens when you open up one end of the spring. The impulse is almost immediately seen on the other side, but the individual coils of the spring stays pretty much where they are.

The blue color of lakes and oceans is not a reflection of the blue sky. When water molecules meet Light, they absorb red frequencies more easily than blue frequencies. Blue is reflected, then this is what we see. Since the effect is small is the blue color shows only when the Water is quite deep. Shallow water colorless.

Airplanes do not fly long distances, take less time in the west to east than east-west due to the rotation the earth. The effect is caused by trade winds and jet streams that flow generally in an easterly direction.

The belief that there is no gravity in space incorrect. Astronauts float and the experiences of other aspects of weightlessness because they are in orbit. Scientists call this effect "weightlessness" or "simulated weightlessness. A similar sentiment is short while parachuting and experienced the rapid descent of an elevator. Gravity is everywhere in the universe, even though in some places may be very small and difficult to measure.

A "north wind" does not impact the north. It is called a north wind, because it comes from the north, south, it is really blowing. The same holds true for all other winds. A "South Wind" comes from the south and north, blowing an "East Wind" comes from the east and west, blowing, etc.

The frequency and intensity of earthquakes are not increasing. At least tell the people who This study things like that. What may be true, is that their destructive power is increasing as a result of global population growth, more and more people are living and construction of buildings, where earthquakes happen.

RELIGION

The Bible does not say that the forbidden fruit of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, an apple was eaten. It's easy to say they ate the "fruit of the tree." The belief that it was an apple probably comes from the similarity of the Latin word malus = "bad" and malum = "apple". In addition, there were in the 17 Century, was in English "apple" is a generic term for all types of fruits, except berries.

The Bible does not say that Mary Magdalene, a prostitute. In fact, very little said about them at all. That she a prostitute is an interpretation from the sixth century by Pope Gregory the First.

The term "immaculate conception" does not refer to the conception Jesus of the Virgin Mary, but the Roman Catholic doctrine that Mary herself was conceived without original sin.

"Allah" is not a Muslim relate differently than the Christian God. It is simply the Arabic word for God. Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews to God as "Allah."

That Word "jihad" does not mean a "holy war against the Christians," but simply a struggle and striving. You can place an internal Jihad, a family Do to jihad, or a religious jihad, ie violence which does not necessarily non-Muslims. Also means "crusade" is not a "holy war against Muslims "But a struggle or striving, as a crusade against child abuse, a crusade against pornography, a crusade against poverty, etc.

A fatwa is not a Death sentence issued by a Muslim cleric, but an interpretation of Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar. The popular misconception results very probably from the death penalty in 1989 as a fatwa on author Salman Rushdie, whose book "The Satanic Verses" was blasphemous.

INVENTIONS

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with movable type, these were used centuries ago in China. He was the first European to A press with movable type, which he probably invented without the knowledge of what the Chinese have done.

Thomas Edison did not invent the electric light, The idea was already well known. What he did was invent a gas-filled bulb that long enough to be profitable electric lighting.

Henry Ford did not invent the car, but he developed a process for their production at a substantially reduced cost. Before Ford, cars were only for the rich. Ford made them accessible to everyone.

OTHER misunderstandings

The "black box" used to is not the cause of airplane crashes black. It is bright orange to make it easier to find and recover from a crash site.

A black belt is not an indication that the owner achieves the highest Mastery of the martial arts. There are several levels of black belt. While a black belt means progressive idea, it is still possible that a holder of more (or less) dominate than another.

The term "Romance" is not from the word "Romanticism" derives and implies a romantic relationship. It comes from the Latin "Romanus", which means "novel".

Frankenstein was not a monster. Victor Frankenstein was in fact the creator of the monster in Mary Shelley's novel in 1818. The monster was not a monster. As described in the book, he was quite gentle, but forced to be angry against people who attacked him because he was too afraid to defend appearance.

A cold nose does not mean that a dog is healthy. Dogs often lick her nose, why it is wet. Evaporation of this moisture in turn, makes cold nose. Thus, a dog sick with fever may still have a cold, wet nose.

Philip Yaffe is a former reporter / feature writer with The Wall Street Journal and a marketing communications activities. He currently teaches a course in well-written and speak well in Brussels, Belgium. Recently, his book "In the" I "of the Storm: Simple Secrets of Writing & Speaking (almost) like a pro is from Story Publishers in Ghent, Belgium (storypublishers.be available) and Amazon (amazon.com).

For more information contact You:

Philip Yaffe

Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 (0) 2 660 0405

1. E-mail: phil.yaffe @ yahoo.com, phil.yaffe @ Gmail.com

About the Author

Philip Yaffe is a former writer with The Wall Street Journal and international marketing communication consultant. Now semi-retired, he teaches courses in persuasive communication in Brussels, Belgium. Because his clients use English as a second or third language, his approach to writing and public speaking is somewhat different from other communication coaches. He is the author of In the “I” of the Storm: the Simple Secrets of Writing & Speaking (Almost) like a Professional. Contact: phil.yaffe@yahoo.com.

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